Besom (Cytisus scoparius and Related Species)
Classification:
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Clade: Angiosperms
- Clade: Eudicots
- Order: Fabales
- Family: Fabaceae
- Genus: Cytisus
- Species: Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link
Common Names:
Broom, Common Broom, Scotch Broom, Besom Broom
Description:
The besom, traditionally referring to a handcrafted broom, is closely associated with the plant Cytisus scoparius, a deciduous shrub in the pea family (Fabaceae). Native to Europe and North Africa, it has naturalized widely in temperate regions across the world. The plant features slender, green, ridged stems that are photosynthetic, allowing it to thrive even in winter. Leaves are small, trifoliate or simple, and often sparse.
In spring and early summer, Cytisus scoparius produces an abundant display of bright yellow, pea-like flowers, which are rich in nectar and attract pollinators. The flowers give way to black seed pods that, upon maturity, dry and split explosively, dispersing seeds several meters away. This adaptation aids in its widespread colonization.
Habitat and Cultivation:
This species is highly adaptable, thriving in poor, sandy, or well-drained soils, often found in heathlands, open woodlands, and roadsides. It prefers full sun and is tolerant of drought conditions. However, it is considered invasive in regions such as North America and Australia due to its aggressive seed dispersal and ability to outcompete native flora.
Uses and Cultural Significance:
Historically, the stiff, wiry branches of Cytisus scoparius were bound together to form besoms—rustic brooms used for sweeping. This practice dates back centuries and was especially common in Britain. The plant was also used in traditional medicine for its diuretic and cardiotonic properties, though it contains alkaloids that can be toxic in high doses.
In folklore, broom plants were associated with cleansing and protection. Besoms became symbolic in European witchcraft traditions, often depicted as the flying implements of witches.
Conservation and Management:
While valued for its historical and cultural significance, Cytisus scoparius is classified as an invasive species in many regions. It is controlled through mechanical removal, grazing, and herbicidal treatments to prevent the spread of its prolific seed bank.
Related Species:
Several other members of the Cytisus and Genista genera, such as Genista tinctoria (Dyer’s Greenweed) and Spartium junceum (Spanish Broom), share similar characteristics and have also been historically used in broom-making.
